This site provides general eye-health education. It cannot replace individual assessment by a registered doctor, and does not offer personal diagnosis, prescriptions, bookings, sales or referrals.

If translations differ or are incomplete, the Traditional Chinese (zh-Hant) text on this site prevails.

Lens and refraction

Myopia, hyperopia · cataract · squint

01Refractive errorMyopia · hyperopia · astigmatism · presbyopia03CataractGradual blur and glare · discuss surgery with an ophthalmologist when daily life is affectedDChildhood myopiaOutdoors · atropine · optical defocusEPhacoemulsification and intraocular lensesCataract surgery as a class of careKChoosing an intraocular lens — detailMonofocal · toric · EDOF · multifocalLHyperopia, shallow anterior chamber and the lensAnterior chamber · angle · emergency signsMYAG capsulotomy and retinal barrier laserPCO · sealing a tearNMultifocal lens — who may not be suitableAberration · pupil · fundusQWhat presbyopia is, and how it can be managedGlasses · contacts · miotic drops · corneal laser · lens surgeryYSquint (strabismus) and amblyopiaEsotropia · exotropia · double vision · when it is urgentZChildren’s vision milestonesA guide, not a scoreAILaser refractive surgeryExcimer · femtosecond · does not treat the fundusANStrabismus surgeryPre-op assessment · indications education · post-op red flagsAVColour vision deficiencyStable congenital vs acquired warning · no fitness-to-drive rulingBANystagmusInfantile · acquired · head posture / surgery-goal hedgesBHThe day of posterior capsulotomyPosterior capsule opacity · outpatient laserBIThe day of cataract surgery and lens implantationPhacoemulsification · lens class